Publications

My research centers on policing with emphases on procedural justice, legitimacy, and police shootings.

All of my publications are listed below, and in most cases are freely accessible. In the event you are unable to access an article, please contact me to request a copy.

(2025). 99 Problems but a Clean IV Ain’t One: Measuring and Studying Officer-Involved Shootings. Gun Violence - Statistical Issues (pp. TBD).
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(2025). The Minnesota Sexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI): Lessons learned from a decade of SAKI evaluations.
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(2025). ViCAP usage and viability for sexual assault investigations: Findings from a survey of SAKI sites. Police Practice & Research, 26(1), 110-118.
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(2024). Unveiling the unseen: Documenting and analyzing nonfatal shootings by police. American Journal of Public Health.
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(2024). Staffing levels are the most important factor influencing police response times. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice.
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(2024). When police pull back: Neighborhood-level effects of de-policing on violent and property crime. Criminology.
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(2024). Officer Diversity May Reduce Black Americans' Fear of the Police. Criminology, 62(1), 35-63.
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(2024). Police shootings in Canada: An empirical analysis and call for data. Crime & Delinquency, 70(12), 3343-3368.
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(2024). Evidenced-Based Practices for Policing Domestic Violence. Routledge Handbook of Evidence-Based Criminal Justice Practices (pp. 203-210).
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(2023). Turnover in large US police agencies following the George Floyd Protests. Journal of Criminal Justice, 88(102105), 1-16.
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(2023). How Generalizable are Findings from Police Surveys? A Review of Multi-Agency Studies. Police Practice and Research, 24(5), 597-611.
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(2023). An experimental look at reasonable suspicion and police discretion. Policing: An International Journal, 46(3), 503-520.
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(2023). The ‘‘War on Cops,’’ Retaliatory Violence, and the Murder of George Floyd. Criminology, 61(3), 389-420.
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(2022). A Multi-Site Study of Firearms Displays by Police at Use of Force Incidents. Police Quarterly, 26(3), 379-408.
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(2022). Does Procedural Justice Reduce the Harmful Effects of Perceived Ineffectiveness on Police Legitimacy?. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 61(1), 124-167.
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(2022). Linking the Workforce Crisis, Crime, and Response Time. Police Chief Online.
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(2022). Policing Suspicion: Qualified Immunity and ‘‘Clearly Established’’ Standards of Proof. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 112(1), 37-78.
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(2022). A National Analysis of Trauma Care Proximity and Firearm Assault Survival among U.S. Police. Police Practice & Research, 23(3), 388-396.
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(2022). The LEADS Academics Program: Building sustainable police-research partnerships in pursuit of evidence-based policing. The Globalization of Evidence-Based Policing: Innovations in Bridging the Research-Practice Divide (pp. 153-165).
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(2021). Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data. PLOS ONE, 16(11), e0259024.
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(2021). Are Domestic Disturbances Really More Dangerous to Police? Findings from the 2016 National Incident Based Reporting System. Justice Quarterly, 38(7), 1405-1427.
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(2021). Comparing 911 and emergency hotline calls for domestic violence in seven cities: What happened when people started staying home due to COVID-19?. Criminology & Public Policy, 20(3), 573-591.
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(2021). Elevated Police Turnover following the Summer of George Floyd Protests: A Synthetic Control Study. Criminology & Public Policy, 21(1), 9-33.
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(2021). Understanding the Bounds of Legitimacy: Weber’s Facets of Legitimacy and the Police Empowerment Hypothesis. Justice Quarterly, 39(6), 1287-1309.
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(2021). Understanding Denver’s devastating rise in violent crime in 2020. The Denver Post.
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(2021). The immediate and long-term effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on domestic violence calls for service across six U.S. jurisdictions. Police Practice & Research, 22(4), 1443-1451.
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(2021). Mandatory Sexual Assault Kit Testing Policies and Arrest Trends: A Natural Experiment. Justice Evaluation Journal, 4(1), 145-162.
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(2021). Police Killings of Unarmed Black Americans: A Reassessment of Community Mental Health Spillover Effects. Police Practice & Research, 22(3), 1330-1339.
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(2020). What Does the Public Want Police to Do During Pandemics? A National Experiment. Criminology & Public Policy, 20(3), 545-571.
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(2020). Review of ‘‘Cops, Cameras, and Crisis’’. Theoretical Criminology, 25(2), 352-355.
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(2020). Review of ‘‘Criminology Explains Police Violence’’. Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books: Rutgers University - Newark..
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(2020). Body-worn cameras and transparency: Experimental evidence of inconsistency in police executive decision-making. Justice Quarterly, 39(3), 455-477.
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(2020). On the challenges associated with the study of police use of deadly force in the United States: A response to Schwartz & Jahn. PLOS ONE, 15(7): e0236158.
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(2020). Gun victimization in the line of duty: Fatal and non-fatal firearm assaults on police officers in the United States, 2014-2019. Criminology & Public Policy, 19(3), 1041-1066.
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(2020). Procedural Justice in Policing. Critical Issues in Policing: Contemporary Readings, 8th Ed.(pp. 140-155).
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(2020). Defunding or disbanding the police is a dangerous idea if done hastily. The Washington Post.
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(2020). Understanding body-worn camera diffusion in U.S. policing. Police Quarterly, 23(3), 396-422.
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(2020). Testing a Theoretical Model of Perceived Audience Legitimacy: The Neglected Linkage in the Dialogic Model of Police–community Relations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 57(2), 217-59.
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(2019). Considering Violence Against Police by Citizen Race/Ethnicity to Contextualize Representation in Officer-Involved Shootings. Journal of Criminal Justice, 66(101653), 1-10.
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(2019). Compliance, Noncompliance, and the In-between: Causal Effects of Civilian Demeanor on Police Officers’ Cognitions and Emotions. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(4), 611-39.
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(2019). Police Research, Officer Surveys, and Response Rates. Policing and Society, 29(5), 530-50.
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(2019). Analysis of 2018 Use of Deadly Force by the Phoenix Police Department. National Police Foundation.
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(2019). Demeanor and Police Culture: Theorizing How Civilian Cooperation Influences Police Officers. Policing: An International Journal, 42(4), 537-55.
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(2019). The Las Vegas Mass Shooting: An Analysis of Blood Component Administration and Blood Bank Donations. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 86(1), 128-33.
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(2019). Disparity Does Not Mean Bias: Making Sense of Observed Racial Disparities in Fatal Officer-involved Shootings with Multiple Benchmarks. Journal of Crime and Justice, 42(1), 18-31.
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(2018). The Ecological Structuring of Police Officers’ Perceptions of Citizen Cooperation. Crime & Delinquency, 64(9), 1143-70.
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(2018). Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Citizen Advisory Councils. Policing: An International Journal, 41(4), 418-34.
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(2018). Testing a Social Schematic Model of Police Procedural Justice. Social Psychology Quarterly, 81(2), 97-125.
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(2018). Management-level Officers’ Experiences with the Ferguson effect. Policing: An International Journal, 41(2), 262-75.
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(2018). Is the Number of Citizens Fatally Shot by Police Increasing in the Post-Ferguson Era?. Crime & Delinquency, 64(3), 398-420.
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(2018). Domestic Disturbances and Fatal Police Shootings: An Analysis of the Washington Post’s Data. Police Quarterly, 21(1), 53-76.
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(2018). Police Managers’ Self-Control and Support for Organizational Justice. Law and Human Behavior, 42(1), 71-82.
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(2018). Command-level Police Officers' Perceptions of the 'War on Cops' and De-policing. Justice Quarterly, 35(1), 33-54.
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(2017). Demeanor, Race, and Police Perceptions of Procedural Justice: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments. Justice Quarterly, 34(7), 1154-83.
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(2017). Review of ‘‘When Police Kill’’. Theory In Action, 10, 118-127.
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(2017). Police Perceptions of Their External Legitimacy in High and Low Crime Areas of the Community. Crime & Delinquency, 63(10), 1250-78.
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(2017). American Policing in the Post-Ferguson Era. Fordham Urban Law Journal.
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(2017). Do the Police Believe That Legitimacy Promotes Cooperation From the Public?. Crime & Delinquency, 63(8), 951-75.
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(2017). A War on Cops? The Effects of Ferguson on the Number of U.S. Police Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty. Justice Quarterly, 34(5), 739-58.
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(2017). Third-person Perceptions, Hostile Media Effects, and Policing: Developing a Theoretical Framework for Assessing the Ferguson Effect. Journal of Criminal Justice, 51, 24-33.
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(2017). Police Officers’ Trust in Their Agency: Does Self-Legitimacy Protect Against Supervisor Procedural Injustice?. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(5), 717-32.
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(2017). The Impact of Negative Publicity on Police Self-legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 34(1), 84-108.
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(2017). A Bird’s Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015: Further Evidence of Implicit Bias. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(1), 309-40.
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(2016). Sensitivity to the Ferguson Effect: The Role of Managerial Organizational Justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 12-20.
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(2016). The Use of Social Media by Alleged Members of Mexican Cartels and Affiliated Drug Trafficking Organizations. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 13(3), 395-418.
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(2016). Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(2), 253-82.
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(2016). Review of ‘‘Pulled Over: How Police Stops Define Race and Citizenship’’. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 28(151-153).
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(2016). The Alleged Ferguson Effect and Police Willingness to Engage in Community Partnership. Law and Human Behavior, 40(1), 1-10.
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(2015). Trust in the Police: The Influence of Procedural Justice and Perceived Collective Efficacy. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 610-40.
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